What would you rather have your kid hooked on?
Prescription pills or marijuana?
A lot of parents might lean toward those prescription painkillers that they themselves use.
But are medications such as oxycodone and hydrocodone really the lesser of two evils?
Both marijuana and prescription opioids have been targeted by the White House.
The Trump administration has made it clear there will be renewed scrutiny of marijuana laws.
In particular, recreational marijuana laws are being targeted for “greater enforcement,” according to White House Press Secretary Sean Spicer.
Attorney General Jeff Sessions also opposes recreational marijuana.
President Trump has also promised to do something about the opioid epidemic sweeping across the country.
However, the Republican health plan he supports reduces funding for a lot of addiction recovery programs.
With
the debate over the health effects of both marijuana and prescription
painkillers, you might wonder which is actually doing more harm to the
United States?
Healthline decided to take an in-depth look.
Officially, marijuana is more dangerous
Although eight states
have passed laws legalizing recreational marijuana use, and 29 states
have legalized medical marijuana, federal law still labels marijuana as
an illegal substance.
The DEA classifies marijuana as a Schedule 1 drug, defined as having no accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse. Other Schedule 1 drugs include LSD and heroin.
On
the other hand, Schedule 2 drugs, which include crystal methamphetamine
and cocaine, have been accepted as medical treatments in the United
States.
Prescription opioids, which include morphine, fall into this category of drugs — legal when prescribed by medical personnel.
Dr.
Thomas Strouse, medical director of the Stewart and Lynda Resnick
Neuropsychiatric Hospital at the University of California, Los Angeles
(UCLA), thinks the classifications are a bit ridiculous.
Although marijuana can cause health problems if used in excess, he said, there are no known cases of somebody dying from a marijuana overdose. The same cannot be said for opioids.
The CDC reports that overdose deaths from opioids have quadrupled since 1999. In 2015, more than 15,000 Americans
died from overdoses involving prescription opioids. Those prescription
pills now account for nearly half of all U.S. overdoses from opioids.
In addition, an average of 1,000 Americans are treated in emergency rooms every day for misusing prescription pills.
Overall, the use of prescription medication far outdistances the use of marijuana.
According to the CDC, doctors in the United States write 259 million opioid prescriptions a year. The sales of these drugs have more than quadrupled since 1999.
As
for treatment, Strouse says withdrawal from a marijuana addiction is
significantly less severe than withdrawal from an opioid addiction.
Strouse
said marijuana’s designation as a Schedule 1 drug has more to do with
historical and political reasons than any hard data.
“I
believe [the drug classifications] should be based on science,” he told
Healthline. “It does not make sense to me that cannabis is a Schedule 1
drug.”
Marijuana health effects
Marijuana won’t kill you. Not from an overdose anyway.
But is it healthy for you?
A recent study sought to qualify the purported harms as well as benefits of marijuana.
Dr.
Marie McCormick, professor of maternal and child health in the
Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences at the Harvard T.H. Chan
School of Public Health, professor of pediatrics at the Harvard Medical
School, and chair of the study, says the widely cited negative side
effects of cannabis are hard to substantiate.
“The
classification of cannabis as a Schedule 1 drug makes it very difficult
to acquire research-grade samples,” McCormick told Healthline. “There
are a lot of questions about the quality of the existing data. Existing
studies are variable, even in terms of the concentrations of the
cannabis. It’s hard to sort out the data.”
Still,
the recent report did determine relationships between smoking marijuana
and health problems.
According to McCormick, “What appears is that smoking does lead to bronchitis, smoking during pregnancy does lead to lower birth rates, and initiating cannabis use at an early age is a risk factor for problematic use.”
According to McCormick, “What appears is that smoking does lead to bronchitis, smoking during pregnancy does lead to lower birth rates, and initiating cannabis use at an early age is a risk factor for problematic use.”
She
said there is testing in the workplace, but there’s no data associated
with workplace injuries as a consequence of cannabis use.
Even
the widespread concern that marijuana causes poor academic performance
among young marijuana users isn’t necessarily correct.
“Early
use of cannabis leads to academic failure is the assumption,” McCormick
says. “But the questions around cannabis use are asked of students
retroactively. We don’t know how the student was doing before the
cannabis use.”
The literature is mixed on whether marijuana use leads to abuse of other, more harmful drugs.
“Usually
they’re talking to someone who has another drug problem and asking what
they did before,” McCormick says. “What they don’t know about are the
people who start cannabis and don’t go any further. There’s no evidence
of it being a gateway drug.”
The
report investigated cannabis use and 11 types of health issues,
including heart attack and schizophrenia, but could not find strong
evidence of a relationship between them.
However, a report
released over the weekend at the American College of Cardiology said
marijuana use is associated with an increased risk of heart disease and
stroke.
Strouse said that heavy use of marijuana can lead to psychological disorders in some people.
He added that marijuana also can do damage to the developing brains of people under the age of 25.
“The impact of heavy marijuana use on a developing brain is no small matter,” he said.
On
the other hand, McCormick’s report did identify several therapeutic
uses for cannabis, including treating chronic pain and treating
chemotherapy-related nausea and vomiting in cancer patients.
The National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws (NORML) touts two recent studies involving marijuana and opioids.
The first study,
released this month, reports that statewide legislation that permits
medical marijuana use is associated with a reduction of opioid-related
hospitalizations.
The second story, released last month, states that patients with legal access to medicinal marijuana reduce their use of opioids.
“The
data is clear. Cannabis is effective at treating pain, including
hard-to-treat pain conditions like neuropathy, and arguably represents a
safer alternative to opioids,” Paul Armentano, deputy director of
NORML, told Healthline.
Ultimately,
the McCormick report recommends a lot more study, including the
development of a standard set of questions to ask research participants
so data can be consistent across studies, and a review of marijuana’s
status as a Schedule 1 drug.
“As a Schedule 2 drug, cannabis would be treated like opioids like morphine and codeine,” McCormick said.
The effects of opioids
As most opioids are legal, there is much more research about their efficacy and potential harms.
Dr. Don Teater, medical advisor at the National Safety Council from 2013 to 2016, authored the report The Psychological and Physical Side Effects of Pain Medications, which addresses the national epidemic of opioid abuse, addiction, and overdose.
“Compared
to marijuana, opioids are much riskier, much more dangerous,” Teater
told Healthline.
“Opioids cause more problems than they’re worth.”
“Opioids cause more problems than they’re worth.”
Opioids
prescribed for pain bring fast relief and an accompanying sense of
calm. Both effects quickly wear off, however, and a higher dose is
necessary to regain the same effects due to increased tolerance to the
drug.
“They’re not effective for ongoing improvement of chronic pain,” Teater said.
“A
lot of people are in pain,” Teater added. “And social and emotional
factors affect pain and how we deal with it. The pain is made worse by
poverty, stress at work, depression, and anxiety. People are looking for
a killer medicine to fix it. Behavioral therapy is the best solution —
get them exercising, improve mental health, reduce catastrophizing — but
everyone is given pills.”
Teater said quality of life goes down the longer you use prescription painkillers.
“Opioid
receptors in our brains work to keep us motivated, confident about
getting things done, and energized to do and finish projects,” he said.
“Chronic use of opioids decreases the number of opioid receptors and our
own opioids, as the brain quits producing these. We wind up with less
motivation, less happiness, and less success. Opioid users have twice
the rate of depression as nonusers.
The longer you take them, the worse off you’re going to be.”
The longer you take them, the worse off you’re going to be.”
It can be a downward spiral.
“Life
for a user revolves around opioids,” Teater said. “Thus begins a
difficult relationship with the prescriber. Every visit focuses on pain
and the opioids. Doctors have seven or eight minutes with each patient, a
prescription is demanded, and it’s easier to give it to them than to
explain why it’s not good for them.”
Teater suggests there are only two appropriate uses for opioids, both short-term.
The first is acute trauma, as with soldiers with wartime injuries.
“The
sooner they get morphine — and its tremendous calming effect — the less
likely they are to develop PTSD,” Teater said. “Opioids keep memories
from searing into the consciousness.”
The other time opioids may be called for is at the end of life.
“The calming effect of opioids will help dying patients deal with the pain,” Teater said.
Otherwise, he says, over-the-counter medications can be just as helpful as opioids for pain relief.
“One
ibuprofen is as effective as two Percocet,” Teater says. “Opioids
aren’t even as effective as Tylenol or acetaminophen. No one should be
getting an opioid prescription for dental procedures, strains, or
sprains. People think opioids are the strongest for pain relief but
really it’s the calming effect that they want. It doesn’t have so much
to do with the pain.”
Drugs and children
There are also concerns about opioids in relation to children.
Two studies published Monday in the journal Pediatrics dealt with the topic.
In the first study,
researchers reported that poison control centers average 32 calls a day
connected to young children accidentally ingesting prescription pills.
In the second study, researchers said most teens abusing prescription opioids had been given them at a younger age for medical reasons.
Marijuana isn’t great for young children either.
A study
published last year reported that accidental exposures of children to
marijuana were rising in Colorado after that state legalized medicinal
marijuana.
The researchers said the exposures were mainly due to parents leaving marijuana in places where young children could find it.
Most of those exposures involved food laced with cannabis.
The
children admitted to the hospital suffered from vomiting, dizziness,
drowsiness, and respiratory problems. There were a few cases of
seizures.
However, no deaths were reported.
Officials
at the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) did
not respond to Healthline’s requests for an interview for this story.
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