By
Nearly
three dozen young people have been hospitalized around the country in
recent weeks for severe respiratory problems after vaping either
nicotine or marijuana, stumping doctors treating them.
The
Illinois, Minnesota and Wisconsin public health departments are
investigating these cases and at least 20 additional emergency
admissions that doctors suspect are related to vaping some substance,
possibly even illegal street drugs or adulterated liquids laced with
T.H.C., the ingredient that produces marijuana’s high.
There are also cases in California, which appear to be associated with vaping cannabis or cannabidiol oil.
Most
of the patients were having difficulty breathing when they arrived at
the hospital. Some patients also reported chest pain, vomiting and other
ailments. The cases have ranged in severity, with some patients
suffering severe lung damage that required weeks of treatment in the
intensive care units.
Each
of the patients reported using e-cigarettes or other vaping devices in
the weeks leading up to the emergency. But officials are not yet clear
whether vaping caused the injuries, and if so, what ingredient in the
e-cigarette or vaping systems was responsible.
“We
know the children have been injured. We don’t yet know the causative
agent,” said Dr. David D. Gummin, medical director of the Wisconsin
Poison Center, and professor and chief of medical toxicology at the
Medical College of Wisconsin. “We have no leads pointing to a specific
substance other than those that are associated with smoking or vaping.”
Initially,
Dr. Gummin said, doctors suspected that the patients were suffering
from an infectious disease. But the patients’ failure to respond to
antibiotics led the doctors to believe they had been harmed by a toxic
substance. A common practice among their patients was vaping.
“The
individuals who have become sick have been very forthcoming about some
of their recent history,” he said. “Those that have been able to talk
have been able to give us some leads, though unfortunately not enough to
point us in a specific direction.”
One
hypothesis, said Dr. Gummin, is that the teenagers had purchased a
nicotine or cannabis-derived vaping product that had been used once, and
then refilled with dangerous substances that would be hard to detect.
The Wisconsin Department of Health Services reported 12 confirmed and 14
suspected cases of vaping-related illnesses, including severe lung
damage in people who reported recent vaping or “dabbing,” which is
vaping marijuana oils, extracts or concentrates.
The
Wisconsin health officials also said that patients reported using
open-tank systems and devices with interchangeable cartridges. Open
systems allow users to concoct their own brews of vaping liquids, if
they want.
Dr. Emily Chapman, chief
medical officer for the Children’s Minnesota hospital system, said that
in the last month or so, it had treated four cases of acute, severe lung
damage — including respiratory failure — in teenagers who had been
vaping. Although the hospitals’ patients have each shown improvement,
Dr. Chapman said, it’s not clear if they will fully recover.
She also noted that investigating a teenager’s vaping patterns can be tricky.
“The
risk here is that if people are presenting to hospital emergency rooms,
or urgent cares, they either may not think of vaping as something that
is threatening and may not include it in their history,” Dr. Chapman
said. “Or if asked directly, they may not be comfortable sharing that.”
Dr. Chapman also said she was concerned about how much of the public believes that vaping is safe.
“The
truth of the matter is, we have so little experience with vaping,
relative to the experience we have with cigarettes and cigars. Recall
how long it took us to figure out that cigarettes were linked to lung
cancer. There is so much we don’t know.”
One recent study from Yale and Duke identified chemicals
called acetals in some Juul e-cigarette liquids. Those chemicals, the
researchers said, may be especially irritating to the lungs and can
cause damage when inhaled.
Juul disagreed with the study’s conclusions.
“The
researchers’ hypothetical exposure analysis failed to take into account
real world conditions, including realistic human exposure to vapor
products like Juul,” said Lindsay Andrews, a Juul spokeswoman.
Juul
pods contain high levels of nicotine, which can cause addiction and
health problems. Some experts worry about the effects of nicotine on a
developing teenager’s brain, and some studies have suggested that
nicotine ingestion can also affect the heart and arteries.
The F.D.A. is studying whether there is a direct relationship between the use of e-cigarettes and the risk of a seizure
or other neurological problems. The agency has received 127 reports of
seizures or other neurological symptoms, beginning in 2010.
The
state public health departments are working with the Food and Drug
Administration, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, to
determine what is making the victims sick.
“The
agency is working with state health officials to gather more
information on any products or substances used,” said Michael
Felberbaum, an F.D.A. spokesman. “We encourage the public to submit
detailed reports of any unexpected health or product issues to the
F.D.A.”
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