The Associated Press
Six states that allow marijuana use legal tests to determine driving
while impaired by the drug that have no scientific basis, according to a
study by the nation's largest automobile club that calls for scrapping
those laws.
The study commissioned by AAA's safety foundation said it's not possible
to set a blood-test threshold for THC, the chemical in marijuana that
makes people high, that can reliably determine impairment. Yet the laws
in five of the six states automatically presume a driver guilty if that
person tests higher than the limit, and not guilty if it's lower.
As a result, drivers who are unsafe may be going free while others may be wrongly convicted, the foundation said.
The foundation recommends replacing the laws with ones that rely on
specially trained police officers to determine if a driver is impaired,
backed up by a test for the presence of THC rather than a specific
threshold. The officers are supposed to screen for dozens of indicators
of drug use, from pupil dilation and tongue color to behavior.
The foundation's recommendation to scrap the laws in Colorado, Montana, Nevada, Ohio, Pennsylvania and Washington comes as legislatures in several more states consider adopting similar laws.
At least three states, and possibly as many as eleven, will vote this
fall on ballot measures to legalize marijuana for either recreational or
medicinal use, or both. Several legislatures are also considering
legalization bills.
"There is understandably a strong desire by both lawmakers and the
public to create legal limits for marijuana impairment in the same
manner we do alcohol," said Marshall Doney, AAA's president and CEO. "In
the case of marijuana, this approach is flawed and not supported by
scientific research."
Determining whether someone is impaired by marijuana, as opposed to
having simply used the drug at some time, is far more complex than the
simple and reliable tests that have been developed for alcohol
impairment.
There's no science that shows drivers become impaired at a specific
level of THC in the blood. A lot depends upon the individual. Drivers
with relatively high levels of THC in their systems might not be
impaired, especially if they are regular users, while others with
relatively low levels may be unsafe behind the wheel.
Some drivers may be impaired when they are stopped by police, but by the
time their blood is tested they have fallen below the legal threshold
because active THC dissipates rapidly. The average time to collect blood
from a suspected driver is often more than two hours because taking a
blood sample typically requires a warrant and transport to a police
station or hospital, the foundation said.
In addition, frequent users of the drug can exhibit persistent levels of
the drug long after use, while THC levels can decline more rapidly
among occasional users. Nine states, including some that have legalized
marijuana for medicinal use, have zero-tolerance laws for driving and
marijuana that make not only the presence of THC in a driver's blood
illegal, but also the presence of its metabolites, which can linger for
weeks after use.
That makes no sense, said Mark A. R. Kleiman, a New York University
professor specializing in issues involving drugs and criminal policy. "A
law against driving with THC in your bloodstream is not a law you can
know you are obeying except by never smoking marijuana or never
driving," he said.
He said rather than switching to a new kind of law as AAA recommends,
states should consider simply making it a traffic violation.
Studies show that using marijuana and driving roughly doubles the risk
of a crash, Kleiman said. By comparison, talking on a hands-free
cellphone while driving — legal in all states — quadruples crash risk,
he said. A blood alcohol content of .12, which is about the median
amount in drunken driving cases, increases crash risk by about 15 times,
he said.
Driving with "a noisy child in the back of the car" is about as dangerous as using marijuana and driving, Kleiman said.
The exception is when a driver has both been using marijuana and
drinking alcohol because the two substances together greatly heighten
impairment, he said.
The foundation also released a second study that found the share of
drivers in fatal crashes who had recently used marijuana doubled in
Washington after the state legalized it for recreational use in December
2012. From 2013 to 2014, the share of drivers who had recently used
marijuana rose from 8 percent to 17 percent.
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